Philip ii augustus biography of albert einstein

King of Writer from 1180 to 1223

"Philippe Auguste" redirects here. For the Town Métro station, see Philippe Auguste (Paris Métro).

Philip II
Seal of Philip II. The account reads: phillipvs dei gratia francorvm rex ("Philip, by the grace of Divinity, king of the Franks")
Reign	18 Sep 1180 – 14 July 1223
Coronation	1 Nov 1179 (as co-king)
Predecessor	Louis VII
Successor	Louis VIII
Born	21 August 1165 Gonesse, France
Died	14 July 1223(1223-07-14) (aged 57) Mantes-la-Jolie, France
Burial	Basilica of St Denis
Spouses
Issue more...
House	Capet
Father	Louis VII of France
Mother	Adela of Champagne

Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), also systematic as Philip Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste), was King of Author from 1180 to 1223.

Her majesty predecessors had been known reorganization kings of the Franks (Latin: rex Francorum), but from 1190 onward, Philip became the extreme French monarch to style themselves "King of France" (rex Francie).^[a] The son of King Prizefighter VII and his third helpmate, Adela of Champagne, he was originally nicknamed 'God-given' (Dieudonné) since he was a first in concert and born late in surmount father's life.

Philip was gain the epithet "Augustus" by greatness chronicler Rigord for having spread out the crown lands of Writer so remarkably.

After decades make out conflicts with the House position Plantagenet, Philip succeeded in no matter how an end to the Frenchman Empire by defeating a organisation of his rivals at greatness Battle of Bouvines in 1214.

This victory would have organized lasting impact on western Continent politics: the authority of loftiness French king became unchallenged, childhood the English King John was forced by his barons drop in assent to Magna Carta gleam deal with a rebellion realize him aided by Philip's in somebody's company Louis, the First Barons' Battle.

The military actions surrounding leadership Albigensian Crusade helped prepare loftiness expansion of France southward. Prince did not participate directly keep in check these actions, but he authorized his vassals and knights prevent help carry them out.

Philip transformed France into the about prosperous and powerful country contact Europe.

He checked the brutality of the nobles and helped the towns free themselves running off seigneurial authority, granting privileges snowball liberties to the emergent crowd round. He built a great spin around Paris ("the Wall flaxen Philip II Augustus"), re-organised picture French government, and brought monetary stability to his country.

Early years

Philip was born in Gonesse on 21 August 1165, illustriousness son of Louis VII obtain Adela of Champagne.

He was nicknamed "Dieudonné" (God-given) being grandeur first born son, arriving put across in his father's life.^[8] Look onto 1173, the Emperor Frederick Corsair proposed to marry his bird, Beatrice (born c. 1163), to Prince. The proposal was successfully different by Pope Alexander III, in that at the time Barbarossa obscurity a rival pope in Callixtus III.

Louis intended to make Prince co-ruler with him, in giving with the traditions of magnanimity House of Capet, but these plans were delayed when Prince became ill after a search trip.

His father went collected works pilgrimage to the shrine touch on Thomas Becket in Canterbury Church to pray for Philip's rally, and was told that tiara son had indeed recovered. Dispel, on his way back vision Paris, the king suffered spick stroke.

In declining health, Louis Digit had 14-year-old Philip crowned suggest anointed as king at Reims on 1 November 1179 impervious to ArchbishopWilliam of the White Harmless.

Philip was married on 28 April 1180 to Isabella additional Hainault, the daughter of Calculate Baldwin V of Hainaut abide Countess Margaret I of Flanders. Isabella brought the County chief Artois as her dowry. Ethics marriage was held at Bapaume, with the bishops of Senlis and Laon in attendance.

From high-mindedness time of his coronation, vagabond real power was transferred relate to Philip, as his father's success slowly declined.

The great high society were dissatified with Philip's helpful marriage. His mother and quartet uncles, all of whom familiarized enormous influence over Louis, were extremely unhappy with his culmination of the throne since Prince had taken the royal laurels from his father. Louis labour on 18 September 1180.

Consolidation spend the royal demesne

The royal belongings had increased under Philip Frenzied and Louis VI, but challenging slightly diminished under Louis Figure.

The first major increase chew out the royal demesne came encompass 1185, when Philip acquired high-mindedness County of Amiens. He purchased the County of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis burden 1218, and following the ephemerality of Robert I, Count be taken in by Alençon in 1219, Philip acquired the city and county method Alençon. Philip's eldest son, Prizefighter, inherited the County of Artois in 1190 when Queen Isabella died.

Royal army

The main source work out funding for Philip's army was the royal demesne.

In time of conflict, he could instantly call up 250 knights, 250 horse sergeants, 100 mounted crossbowmen, 133 crossbowmen on foot, 2,000-foot sergeants, and 300 mercenaries. In the direction of the end of his power, the king could muster dehydrated 3,000 knights, 9,000 sergeants, 6,000 urban militiamen, and thousands hold sway over foot sergeants.

Using his accumulated revenues, Philip was the extreme Capetian king to build practised French navy actively. By 1215, his fleet could carry simple total of 7,000 men. Fundamentally two years, his fleet numbered 10 large ships and innumerable smaller ones.

Expulsion of Jews

Reversing queen father's tolerance and protection several Jews, Philip in 1180 neat French Jews to be unshod of their valuables, ransomed obtain converted to Christianity on be painful of further taxation.

In Apr 1182, partially to enrich loftiness French crown, he expelled termination Jews from the demesne bracket confiscated their goods. Philip expelled them from the royal area in July 1182 and difficult Jewish houses in Paris severed to make way for rectitude Les Halles market. The training were profitable in the momentary, the ransoms alone bringing fence in 15,000 marks and enriching Christians at the expense of Jews.

Ninety-nine Jews were burned survive in Brie-Comte-Robert. In 1198 Prince allowed Jews to return.

Wars clip his vassals

In 1181, a engagement arose between Philip and Affection Philip I of Flanders go round the Vermandois, which King Prince claimed as his wife's give to. Finally the Count of Flanders invaded France, ravaging the allinclusive district between the Somme build up the Oise before penetrating hoot far as Dammartin.

Notified good buy Philip's approach with 2,000 knights, he headed back to Flanders. Philip chased him, and nobility two armies confronted each burden near Amiens. By this episode, Philip had managed to table the ambitions of the consider by breaking his alliances letter Duke Henry I of Brabant and the Archbishop of Fragrance, Philipp von Heinsberg.

This, mйlange with an uncertain outcome were he to engage the Gallic in battle, forced the Look right through to conclude a peace. Rafter July 1185, the Treaty forged Boves left the disputed district partitioned, with Amiénois, Artois, become peaceful numerous other places passing concurrence the king, and the glimmer, with the county of Vermandois proper, left provisionally to authority Count of Flanders.

It was during this time that Prince II was nicknamed "Augustus" impervious to the monk Rigord for augmenting French lands.

Meanwhile, in 1184, Author I, Count of Sancerre direct his Brabançon mercenaries ravaged nobleness Orléanais. Philip defeated him confront the aid of the Confrères de la Paix.

War better Henry II

A disagreement arose among Philip and King Henry II of England, who was extremely Count of Anjou and Count of Normandy and Aquitaine discharge France.

The death of Henry's eldest son, Henry the Juvenile King, in June 1183, began a dispute over the submit of Philip's widowed sister Margaret.^{[citation needed]} Philip insisted that authority dowry should be returned know France as the marriage plain-spoken not produce any children, ready to go the betrothal agreement.

The kings would hold conferences renounce the foot of an outclass tree near Gisors, which was so positioned that it would overshadow each monarch's territory, nevertheless to no avail.^{[citation needed]} Prince pushed the case further as King Béla III of Magyarorszag asked for the widow's forward in marriage, and thus inclusion dowry had to be shared, to which Henry finally agreed.^{[citation needed]}

The death of Henry's dwelling-place son, Geoffrey II, Duke spectacle Brittany, began a new subject matter of disputes, as Henry insisted that he retain the guarding of the duchy for consummate unborn grandson Arthur I, Marquis of Brittany.

Philip, as Henry's liege lord, objected, stating ramble he should be the just guardian until the birth be taken in by the child.^{[citation needed]} Philip fuel raised the issue of her majesty other sister, Alys, Countess allude to Vexin, and her delayed ritual to Henry's son Richard Comical of England, nicknamed Richard description Lionheart.^{[citation needed]}

With these grievances, digit years of combat followed (1186–1188), but the situation remained unaffected.

Philip initially allied with Henry's young sons Richard the Lionheart and John, who were bask in rebellion against their father. Integrity first attempt to seriously lobby Henry's resolve came when Prince II launched an attack make signs Berry in the summer reminiscent of 1187 and captured the iron grip of Issoudun, but by June made a truce with Speechmaker, which left Issoudun in Philip's hands while also granting him Fréteval in Vendômois.

Though description truce was for two time, Philip found grounds for resuming hostilities in the summer carefulness 1188 and succeeded in grab hold of Châteauroux. He skillfully exploited rendering estrangement between Henry and Richard, and Richard did homage surpass him voluntarily at Bonsmoulins bond November 1188.

In 1189, as Henry's health was failing, Richard unhesitatingly joined forces with Philip principle drive him into submission.

They chased him from Le Mans to Saumur, capturing Tours guarantee the process, before forcing him to acknowledge Richard as realm heir. Finally, by the Covenant of Azay-le-Rideau (4 July 1189), Henry was forced to refresh his own homage, confirm dignity cession of Issoudun to Prince (along with Graçay), and forswear his claim to suzerainty run Auvergne.

Henry died two era later. His death and nobleness news of the fall touch on Jerusalem to Saladin, diverted speak to from the Franco-English war.

The Angevin kings of England (the line of rulers to which Henry II belonged), were Philip's most powerful and dangerous vassals as Dukes of Normandy current Aquitaine and Counts of Anjou.

Philip made it his life's work to destroy Angevin's trounce in France. One of dominion most effective tools was put up the shutters befriend all of Henry's option and use them to provoke rebellion against their father. Fair enough maintained friendships with Henry authority Young King and Geoffrey, Earl of Brittany until their deaths. Indeed, at Geoffrey's funeral, take steps was so overcome with bummer that he had to subsist forcibly restrained from casting human being into the grave.

He poverty-stricken off his friendships with Henry's other sons Richard and Can as each ascended to leadership English throne.

Third Crusade

Philip cosmopolitan to the Holy Land accord participate in the Third Pilgrimage of 1189–1192 with King Richard I of England and Ethereal Roman Emperor Frederick I Corsair, leaving Vézelay with his soldiers on 4 July 1190.

Survey first, the French and Arts crusaders travelled together, but rank armies split at Lyon puzzle out Richard decided to go soak sea from Marseille, whereas Prince took the overland route cut the Alps to Genoa. Authority French and English armies were reunited in Messina, where they wintered together. On 30 Tread 1191, the French set navigate for the Holy Land fairy story on 20 April Philip dismounted at Acre, which was even now under siege by a aiding contingent of crusaders, and without fear started to construct siege stow before Richard arrived on 8 June.

By the time Akka surrendered on 12 July, Prince was severely ill with ultimately, which reduced his zeal. Engagement with Richard were further rigid after the latter acted crop a haughty manner after Accho fell to the crusaders.

More importantly, the siege of Quell resulted in the death lift Philip, Count of Flanders, who held the county of Vermandois proper.

His death threatened separate derail the Treaty of Gisors that Philip had orchestrated differentiate isolate the powerful Blois-Champagne rotting. Philip decided to return carry out France to settle the question of succession in Flanders, clean decision that displeased Richard, who said, "It is a derision and a disgrace on turn for the better ame lord if he goes switch off without having finished the vertical that brought him hither.

On the other hand still, if he finds mortal physically in bad health, or attempt afraid lest he should give in here, his will be done."^{[This quote needs a citation]} Redirect 31 July 1191, the Gallic army of 10,000 men (along with 5,000 silver marks add up pay the soldiers) remained display Outremer under the command taste Duke Hugh III of Wine.

Philip and his cousin Dick of Courtenay, Count of Nevers, made their way to Havoc, where Philip protested to Bishop of rome Celestine III (to no avail) of Richard's abusive manner, significant from there returned to Writer. The decision to return was also fuelled by the awareness that with Richard campaigning meet the Holy Land, English property in northern France would aside open to attack.

After Richard's delayed return home, the contest between England and France would ensue over the possession chide English-controlled territories.

Conflict with England, Flanders and the Holy Model Empire

Conflict with Richard the Lionheart, 1191–1199

The immediate cause of Philip's conflict with Richard the Lionheart stemmed from Richard's decision drop in break his betrothal with Philip's sister Alys at Messina accumulate 1191.

Some of Alys's gift that had been given flabbergast to Richard during their rendezvous was part of the tract of Vexin. This should own reverted to Philip upon description end of the betrothal, on the other hand Philip, to prevent the fall in a faint of the Crusade, agreed guarantee this territory was to wait in Richard's hands and would be inherited by his manly descendants.

Should Richard die in need an heir, the territory would return to Philip, and providing Philip died without an heiress, those lands would be wise a part of Normandy.

Returning tend France in late 1191, Prince began plotting to find far-out way to have those territories restored to him. He was in a difficult situation, makeover he had taken an vow not to attack Richard's holdings while he was away success a crusade.

The Third War ordained territory under the brolly of the Church in band event. Philip was unsuccessful stop in midsentence requesting a release from king oath from Pope Celestine Triad, so he was forced differentiate build his own casus belli.

On 20 January 1192, Prince met William FitzRalph, Richard's charwoman for Normandy.

Presenting some instrument purporting to be from Richard, Philip claimed that the Straight out king had agreed at City to hand disputed lands selflessness to France. Not having heard anything directly from their prince, FitzRalph and the Norman barons rejected Philip's claim to Vexin. Philip at this time as well began spreading rumours about Richard's action in the east be relevant to discredit the English king loaded the eyes of his subjects.

Among the stories Philip contrived included Richard being involved comprise treacherous communication with Saladin, alleging he had conspired to utensil the fall of Gaza, Metropolis, and Ascalon, and that be active had participated in the assassination of Conrad of Montferrat. At last, Philip made contact with Bathroom, Richard's brother, whom he persuaded to join the conspiracy hard by overthrow the legitimate king attain England.

At the start break into 1193, John visited Philip call a halt Paris, where he paid admiration for Richard's continental lands. Just as word reached Philip that Richard had finished crusading and esoteric been captured on his become rancid back from the Holy Ground, he promptly invaded Vexin. Tiara first target was the citadel of Gisors, commanded by Physician de Vascoeuil, which surrendered on one\'s uppers putting up a struggle.

Prince then penetrated deep into Normandy, reaching as far as Dieppe. To keep the duplicitous Ablutions on his side, Philip entrusted him with the defence appreciate the town of Évreux. Hole, Philip was joined by Matter Baldwin IX of Flanders, deed together they laid siege join forces with Rouen, the ducal capital cut into Normandy.

Here, Philip's advance was halted by a defence put a damper on by the Earl of City. Unable to penetrate this explosive, Philip moved on.

At Mantes on 9 July 1193, Prince came to terms with Richard's ministers, who agreed that Prince could keep his gains current would be given some balance territories if he ceased yell further aggressive actions in Normandy, along with the condition dump Philip would hand back nobleness captured territory if Richard would pay homage.

To prevent Richard from spoiling their plans, Prince and John attempted to graft Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI in order to keep probity English king captive for span little while longer. Henry refused, and Richard was released let alone captivity on 4 February 1194. By 13 March Richard abstruse returned to England, and make wet 12 May he had misfortune sail for Normandy with set on 300 ships, eager to require Philip in war.

Philip had exhausted this time consolidating his suspicious gains and by now pressurized much of Normandy east advance the Seine, while remaining core striking distance of Rouen.

King next objective was the fort of Verneuil, which had withstood an earlier siege. Once Richard arrived at Barfleur, he in a short time marched towards Verneuil. As authority forces neared the castle, Prince, who had been unable close to break through, decided to storm out camp. Leaving a large unevenly behind to prosecute the shut in, he moved off towards Évreux, which John had handed catastrophe to his brother to substantiate his loyalty.

Philip retook honesty town and sacked it, nevertheless during this time, his gather at Verneuil abandoned the besiege, and Richard entered the fortress unopposed on 30 May. All through June, while Philip's campaign vicar to a halt in primacy north, Richard was taking top-hole number of important fortresses accept the south. Philip, eager itch relieve the pressure off queen allies in the south, marched to confront Richard's forces articulate Vendôme.

Refusing to risk nonetheless in a major battle, Prince retreated, only to have enthrone rear guard caught at Fréteval on 3 July. This Combat of Fréteval turned into out general encounter in which Prince barely managed to avoid collar as his army was put away to flight. Fleeing back cut into Normandy, Philip avenged himself representation the English by attacking illustriousness forces of John and loftiness Earl of Arundel, seizing their baggage train.

By now both sides were tiring, and they agreed to the temporary Ceasefire of Tillières.

The war resumed subtract 1195 when Philip once retrace your steps besieged Verneuil. He continued nobility siege in secret as Richard arrived to negotiate in person; when Richard found out, significant swore revenge and left. Prince now pressed his advantage squeeze northeastern Normandy, where he conducted a raid at Dieppe, animate the English ships in loftiness harbor while repulsing an spasm by Richard at the identical time.

Philip now marched southerly into the Berry region. Tiara primary objective was the fort of Issoudun, which had non-discriminatory been captured by Richard's predatory commander, Mercadier. The French striking took the town and was besieging the castle when Richard stormed through French lines give orders to made his way in get at reinforce the garrison, while disparage the same time, another drove was approaching Philip's supply figure.

Philip called off his condensation, and another truce was agreed; the Treaty of Louviers.

The clash slowly turned against Philip produce the course of the incoming three years. Political and belligerent conditions seemed promising at representation start of 1196 when Richard's nephew Arthur I, Duke countless Brittany ended up in Philip's hands, and he won character Siege of Aumale despite pull out all the stops attempt from Richard to reduce it, but Philip's good attempt did not last.

Richard won over a key ally, Author of Flanders, in 1197. Nobleness same year, the Holy Papistic Emperor Henry VI died be proof against was succeeded by Otto IV, Richard's nephew, who put extra pressure on Philip. Finally, spend time at Norman lords were switching sides and returning to Richard's campsite.

This was the state a variety of affairs when Philip launched fulfil campaign of 1198 with guidebook attack on Vexin that was pushed back and then compounded by the Flemish invasion longawaited Artois which diverted his concentrate elsewhere.

On 27 September, Richard entered Vexin, taking Courcelles-sur-Seine abstruse Boury-en-Vexin before returning to Dangu.

Philip, believing that Courcelles was still holding out, went willing its relief. Discovering what was happening, Richard decided to mug the French king's forces, stunning Philip by surprise. Philip's gather withdrew and attempted to achieve the fortress of Gisors. Bunchy together, the French knights with the addition of king Philip attempted to crotchety the Epte River on well-ordered bridge that promptly collapsed botch-up their weight, almost drowning Prince in the process.

He was dragged out of the deluge and shut himself up be bounded by Gisors, having successfully evaded Richard and reinforced the fortress.

Philip any minute now planned a new offensive, unveiling destructive raids into Normandy take again targeting Évreux which sand captured and sacked. Richard countered Philip's thrust with a attack in Vexin, while Mercadier frantic a raid on Abbeville.

Strong autumn 1198, Richard had regained almost all that had bent lost in 1193. With honesty warring sides in a draw, Philip offered a truce middling that discussions could begin consider a more permanent peace, junk the offer that he would return all of the territories except for Gisors.

In mid-January 1199, the two kings tumble for a final meeting, Richard standing on the deck type a boat, and Philip static on the banks of leadership Seine River.

Shouting terms tackle each other, they could fret reach an agreement on interpretation terms of a permanent intermission, but they did agree play-act further mediation, which resulted exterior a five-year truce that kept. Later in 1199, Richard was killed during a siege in the matter of one of his vassals.

Conflict with John of England, 1200–1206

Main articles: Normandy campaigns of 1200–1204 and Anglo-French War (1202–1214)

In Can 1200, Philip signed the Bent of Le Goulet with Richard's successor John.

The treaty was meant to bring peace cut short Normandy by settling the not the main point of its much-reduced boundaries. Rectitude terms of John's vassalage were not only for Normandy, nevertheless also for Anjou, Maine, give orders to Touraine. John agreed to bulky terms, including the abandonment persuade somebody to buy all the English possessions underneath Berry and 20,000 marks oppress silver, while Philip in jaunt recognized John as king commandeer England, formally abandoning Arthur try to be like Brittany's candidacy, whom he confidential hitherto supported, recognizing instead John's suzerainty over the Duchy find time for Brittany.

To seal the accord, a marriage between Blanche be advantageous to Castile, John's niece, and Gladiator the Lion, Philip's son, was contracted.

This agreement did snivel bring warfare to an cede in France, however, since John's mismanagement of Aquitaine led leadership province to rebel later sight 1200, a disturbance that Prince secretly encouraged.

To disguise diadem ambitions, Philip invited John run on a conference at Andely focus on then entertained him at Town, and both times he enduring to complying with the shrink. In 1202, disaffected patrons petitioned the French king to convene John to answer their tax in his capacity as John's feudal lord in France. Bog refused to appear, so Prince again took up Arthur marvel at Brittany's claims to the In good faith throne as well as betrothing him to his six-year-old damsel Marie.

In retaliation, John intersecting over into Normandy and circlet forces soon captured Arthur, seemingly as well as Arthur's harbour Eleanor. In 1203, Arthur mislaid, with most people believing focus John had had him murdered. The outcry over Arthur's caution saw an increase in nearby opposition to John, which Prince used to his advantage. Settle down took to the offensive duct, apart from a five-month besiege of Andely, swept all beforehand him.

After Andely surrendered, Crapper fled to England. By dignity end of 1204, most be a witness Normandy and the Angevin area, including much of Aquitaine, esoteric fallen into Philip's hands. Prince requested John release Eleanor noise Brittany, claiming that she was to be his daughter-in-law, on the other hand to no avail.

What Prince had gained through victory detect war, he sought to endorse by legal means.

Philip, fiddle with acting as John's liege ruler over his French lands, summoned him to appear before interpretation Court of the Twelve Titled classes of France to answer unpolluted Arthur's murder. John requested useful conduct, but Philip only regular to allow him to become apparent in peace, while providing quandary his return only if undress were allowed after the judgement of his peers.

Not agreeable to risk his life nervousness such a guarantee, John refused to appear, so Philip on the spot dispossessed the English of talented lands. Pushed by his barons, John eventually launched an descent of northern France in 1206, disembarking with his army put behind you La Rochelle during one jump at Philip's absences, but the motivation ended in disaster.

After endorsement out of a conference give it some thought he himself had demanded, Can eventually bargained at Thouars home in on a two-year truce, the expenditure of which was his pact to the chief provisions sequester the judgment of the Mindnumbing of Peers, including a reverse of his patrimony.

Alliances destroy Philip, 1208–1213

In 1208, Philip blond Swabia, the successful candidate follow a line of investigation become Holy Roman Emperor, was assassinated.

As a result, justness imperial crown was given decide his rival Otto IV, ethics nephew of King John. Otto, prior to his accession, locked away promised to help John recoup his lost possessions in Writer, but circumstances prevented him hold up making good on his responsibility. By 1212, both John add-on Otto were engaged in self-control struggles against Pope Innocent III: John over his refusal halt accept the papal nomination plan the archbishop of Canterbury, vital Otto over his attempt scolding strip King Frederick II carry out Germany of the Kingdom collide Sicily.

Philip decided to rigorous advantage of this situation, rule in Germany, where he assisted the German noble rebellion cry support of the young Town. John immediately threw England's inundation behind Otto, and Philip compressed saw his chance to get on your way a successful invasion of England.

In order to secure dignity cooperation of all his vassals in his plans for picture invasion, Philip denounced John chimp an enemy of the Religous entity, thereby justifying his attack by the same token motivated solely by religious honestly.

He summoned an assembly pleasant French barons at Soissons, which was well attended. The lone exception was Count Ferdinand order Flanders, who refused out sum anger over the loss selected the towns of Aire captivated Saint-Omer that had been captured by Philip's son Louis nobleness Lion. He would not take part in any campaign until oversight was restored to his antique lands.

Philip was eager say nice things about prove his loyalty to Havoc and thus secure papal charm for his planned invasion, proclaimed at Soissons a reconciliation make sense his estranged wife Ingeborg go rotten Denmark, which the popes abstruse been promoting. The barons lucky supported his plan, and they all gathered their forces squeeze prepared to join with Prince at the agreed rendezvous.

Way all of this, Philip remained in constant communication with Pandulf Verraccio, the papal legate, who was encouraging Philip to pay one`s addresses to his objective. Verraccio however was also holding secret discussions collect King John. Advising the Ethically king of his precarious fiddle, he persuaded John to run away his opposition to papal enthronisation and agreed to accept ethics papal legate's decision in blue-collar ecclesiastical disputes as final.

Change into return, the pope agreed appoint accept the Kingdom of England and the Lordship of Hibernia as papal fiefs, which Bog would rule as the pope's vassal, and for which Toilet would do homage to leadership pope.

No sooner had influence treaty between John and class pope been ratified in Possibly will 1213 than Verraccio announced pin down Philip that he would control to abandon his expedition antagonistic John, since to attack spruce up faithful vassal of the Religious See would be a physical sin.

Philip argued in egotistical that his plans had antediluvian drawn up with the acquiesce of Rome, that his outing was in support of monastic authority that he only undertook on the understanding that crystalclear would gain a plenary indulgence; he had spent a affluence preparing for the expedition. Rectitude papal legate remained unmoved, nevertheless Verraccio did suggest an additional.

The Count of Flanders locked away denied Philip's right to accept war on England while Taking apart John was still excommunicated, perch that his disobedience needed weather be punished. Philip eagerly force the advice, and quickly marched at the head of consummate troops into the territory get the message Flanders.

Battle of Bouvines, 1214

The French fleet proceeded first be a consequence Gravelines and then to excellence port of Damme.

Meanwhile, excellence army marched by Cassel, Ypres, and Bruges before laying encirclement to Ghent. Hardly had prestige siege begun when Philip advised that the English fleet esoteric captured a number of ruler ships at Damme and think about it the rest were so in concert blockaded in its harbour digress it was impossible for them to escape.

He ordered blue blood the gentry fleet to be burned lock prevent it from falling be converted into enemy hands.

The destruction of primacy French fleet had once send back raised John's hopes, so subside began preparing for an attack of France and a reconquest of his lost provinces. Loftiness English barons were initially unresponsive about the expedition, which belated his departure, so it was not until February 1214 delay he disembarked at La Rochelle.

John was to advance let alone the Loire, while his reasonably Otto IV made a contemporary attack from Flanders, together identify the Count of Flanders. Influence three armies did not classify their efforts effectively. It was not until John had antique disappointed in his hope to about an easy victory after state driven from Roche-au-Moine and esoteric retreated to his transports turn this way the Imperial Army, with Otto at its head, assembled guess the Low Countries.

On 27 July 1214, the opposing number suddenly discovered that they were in close proximity to double another, on the banks disregard a little tributary of loftiness River Lys, near the go over at Bouvines. It being a-one Sunday, Philip did not have the allied army to incursion, as it was considered wicked to fight on the Sabbath.

Philip's army numbered some 7,000, while the allied forces dominated around 9,000 troops. The score clashed at what became customary as the Battle of Bouvines. Philip was unhorsed by influence Flemish pikemen in the fever of battle, and were evenly not for his mail equip he would have probably bent killed. When Otto was travel off the field by potentate wounded and terrified horse, bracket the Count of Flanders was severely wounded and taken objection, the Flemish and Imperial horde saw that the battle was lost, turned, and fled loftiness field.

The French did battle-cry pursue.

Philip returned to Paris glorious, marching his captive prisoners backside him in a long cycle, as his grateful subjects came out to greet the unbeaten king. In the aftermath capacity the battle, Otto retreated look after his castle of Harzburg endure was soon overthrown as Sacred Roman Emperor, to be replaced by Frederick II.

Count Ferdinand remained imprisoned following his give in, while King John's attempt stopper rebuild the Angevin Empire hanging in complete failure.

Philip's decisive shakeup was crucial in shaping Hesperian European politics in both England and France. In England, high-mindedness defeated John was so displeased that he was soon prearranged to submit to the persistence of his barons and define Magna Carta, which limited significance power of the crown put forward established the basis for usual law.

The Battle of Bouvines marked the end of magnanimity Angevin Empire.

Marital problems

After the specifically death of Isabella of Hainault in childbirth in 1190, Prince decided to marry again. Dirt decided on Ingeborg, daughter manage King Valdemar I of Danmark, who received 10,000 marks be unable to find silver as a dowry.

Prince met her at Amiens runoff 14 August 1193 and they were married that same put forward. At the feast of ethics Assumption of the Virgin, Archbishop Guillaume of Reims crowned both Philip and Ingeborg. During rectitude ceremony, Philip was pale, bashful, and could not wait own the ceremony to end. Next the ceremony, he had Ingeborg sent to the convent work Saint-Maur-des-Fosses and asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment associate the grounds of non-consummation.

Prince had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that grandeur marriage had been consummated, at an earlier time that she was his helpmate and the rightful queen lose France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Æbelholt intervened on Ingeborg's side, drawing up a breed of the Danish kings act upon disprove the alleged impediment sunup consanguinity.

In the meantime, Philip locked away sought a new bride.

Fundamental agreement had been reached fit in him to marry Margaret, chick of Count William I a variety of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was as the crow flies by Thomas, Count of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended additional wife and married her as an alternative, claiming that Philip was before now bound in marriage.

Philip in the end achieved a third marriage reaction June 1196, when he was married to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia. Their children were Marie and Philip, Count hold Clermont.

Pope Innocent III declared Prince Augustus' marriage to Agnes provision Merania null and void, whereas he was still married slate Ingeborg.

He ordered the celebration to part from Agnes, post when he did not, rectitude pope placed France under turnout interdict in 1199. This spread until 7 September 1200. Inspection to pressure from the poet, Ingeborg's brother King Valdemar II of Denmark and ultimately Agnes' death in 1201, Philip at last took Ingeborg back as top wife, but it would crowd be until 1213 that she would be recognized at cortege as queen.

Appearance and personality

The lone known description of Philip describes him as "a handsome, mighty fellow, with a cheerful cope with of ruddy complexion, and adroit temperament much inclined towards good-living, wine, and women.

He was generous to his friends, unforgiving towards those who displeased him, well-versed in the art watch stratagem, orthodox in belief, learned and stubborn in his resolves. He made judgments with say speed and exactitude. Fortune's health, fearful for his life, naturally excited and easily placated, forbidden was very tough with strapping men who resisted him, endure took pleasure in provoking strife among them.

Never, however, outspoken he cause an adversary nurse die in prison. He collide to employ humble men, figure out be the subduer of depiction proud, the defender of depiction Church, and feeder of character poor".

Issue

Later years

When Pope Innocent Cardinal called for a crusade clashing the "Albigensians", or Cathars, bear hug Languedoc in 1208, Philip outspoken nothing to support it, despite the fact that he did not stop culminate nobles from joining in.

Rendering war against the Cathars outspoken not end until 1244, like that which their last strongholds were lastly captured. The fruits of loftiness victory, the submission of honourableness south of France to significance crown, were to be reaped by Philip's son Louis Eight and grandson Louis IX. Use 1216 to 1222, Philip additionally arbitrated in the War disregard the Succession of Champagne pole finally helped the military efforts of Duke Odo III freedom Burgundy and Holy Roman Prince Frederick II to bring go like a bullet to an end.

Philip II Augustus played a significant impersonation in one of the chief centuries of innovation in expression and education in France. Date Paris as his capital, flair had the main thoroughfares cemented, built a central market, Spread Halles, continued the construction in progress in 1163 of Notre-Dame elicit Paris, constructed the first essence of the Louvre as calligraphic fortress, and gave a contract to the University of Town in 1200.

Under his regulation, Paris became the first be elastic of teachers the medieval earth knew. In 1224, the Nation poet Henry d'Andeli wrote set in motion the great wine-tasting competition ditch Philip II Augustus commissioned, prestige Battle of the Wines.

Philip II fell ill in Sept 1222 and had a last wishes made, but carried on industrial action his itinerary, but travelling overload hot weather the next summertime resulted in a fever.

Decency king recovered and felt come after enough to resume his nervous activity of touring his homeland. The partial return of ruler health prompted him to expeditions to Paris on 13 July 1223, against the advice contribution his physician. The journey cubic too much for him subject he died en route blue blood the gentry next day, in Mantes-la-Jolie, irate the age of 57.

Diadem body was carried to Town on a bier. He was interred in the Basilica dear St Denis in the turning up of his son and equal, Louis VIII, as well chimpanzee his illegitimate son Philip Distracted, Count of Boulogne and Privy of Brienne, the King promote to Jerusalem.

Notes

References

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