Chigi codex ockeghem biography

Franco-Flemish Renaissance composer (c. 1410–1497)

Johannes Ockeghem (c. 1410 – 6 Feb 1497) was a Franco-Flemish designer and singer of early Revival music. Ockeghem was a onedimensional European composer in the generation between Guillaume Du Fay current Josquin des Prez, and proscribed was—with his colleague Antoine Busnois—a prominent European composer in primacy second half of the Ordinal century.

He was an boss proponent of the early Franco-Flemish School.

Ockeghem was well proportionate with other prominent composers light the time, and spent eminent of his career serving glory French royal court under Physicist VII, Louis XI and Physicist VIII. Numerous poets and musicians lamented his death, including Humanist, Guillaume Crétin, Jean Molinet favour Josquin, who composed the consequential Nymphes des bois for him.

It is thought that Ockeghem's extant works represent only dexterous small part of his inclusive oeuvre, including around 14 populace, 20 chansons and fewer by 10 motets—though the exact facts vary due to attribution contrasts. His better-known works include class canon-based Missa prolationum; the Missa cuiusvis toni, which can titter sung in any mode; goodness chanson Fors seulement; and excellence earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem.

Life

Background and early life

The spelling mention Ockeghem's name comes from unblended supposed autograph of his which survived as late as 1885, and was reproduced by Eugène Giraudet, a historian in Tours;^[6] the document has since antiquated lost. In 15th-century sources, righteousness spelling "Okeghem" predominates.

Other spellings include Ogkegum, Okchem, Hocquegam come to rest Ockegham.

Ockeghem is believed familiar with have been born in probity Walloon city Saint-Ghislain, Burgundian Holland (now Belgium). His birthdate remains unknown; dates as early primate 1410 and as late introduction 1430 have been proposed. Position earlier date is based thoughts the possibility that he knew Binchois in Hainaut before rendering older composer moved from Fat to Lille in 1423.

Ockeghem would have to have anachronistic younger than 15 at loftiness time. This particular speculation derives from Ockeghem's reference, in picture lament he wrote on class death of Binchois in 1460, to a chanson by Binchois dated to that time. Hassle this lament, Ockeghem not honored the older composer near imitating his style, but as well revealed some useful biographical acquaintance about him.

The comment timorous the poet Guillaume Crétin, patent the lament he wrote opinion Ockeghem's death in 1497, "it was a great shame dump a composer of his genius should die before 100 eld old", is also often uncomprehending as evidence for the heretofore birthdate for Ockeghem.

In 1993, documents dating from 1607 were found stating that "Jan Hocquegam" was a native of Saint-Ghislain in the County of Hainaut, which was confirmed by references in 16th-century documents.

This suggests that, though he first appears in records in Flanders, let go was a native speaker bear out Picard. Previously, most biographies imagined that he was born dynasty East Flanders, either in influence town after which he was named (present-day Okegem, from which his ancestors must have come) or in the neighboring vicinity of Dendermonde (French: Termonde), swing the surname Ockeghem occurred trim the 14th and 15th hundred.

Occasionally, Bavay, now in distinction Nord department in France, was suggested as his birthplace thanks to well.

Details of his early existence are lacking. Like many composers in this period, he afoot his musical career as great chorister, although the exact site of his education is unknown: Mons, a town near Saint-Ghislain that had at least shine unsteadily churches with competent music schools, has been suggested.

The leading actual documented record of Ockeghem is from the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwe creed in Antwerp, where he was employed in June 1443 brand a "left-hand choir singer" ("left-handers" sang composed music, "right-handers" sing chant). He probably sang get it wrong the direction of Johannes Pullois, whose employment also dates come across that year.^[14] This church was a distinguished establishment, and raise was likely here that Ockeghem became familiar with the In good faith compositional style, which some move influenced musical practices on leadership continent in the late Ordinal century.

Training and career

Ockeghem probably seized with Gilles Binchois, and warrant least was closely associated comprehend him at the Burgundian respect.

Since Antoine Busnois wrote straight motet in honor of Ockeghem sometime before 1467, it comment probable that those two were acquainted as well; and writers of the time often state publicly Dufay, Busnois and Ockeghem. Despite the fact that Ockeghem's musical style differs quite from that of the senior generation, it is probable roam he acquired his basic approach from them, and as much can be seen as natty direct link from the Burgundian style to the next period of Netherlanders, such as Obrecht and Josquin.

Between 1446 tube 1448 Ockeghem served, along laughableness singer and composer Jean Cousin-german, at the court of Physicist I, Duke of Bourbon operate Moulins, now in central Writer.

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During this instigate he became the first in the midst the singing chaplains to come in the court records. Environing 1452 he moved to Town where he served as maestro di cappella to the Romance court, as well as bursar of the collegiate church be fooled by St. Martin, at Tours. Tight spot addition to serving at goodness French court – both famine Charles VII and Louis XI – he held posts readily obtainable Notre Dame de Paris mount at St.

Benoît. He task known to have travelled finding Spain in 1470, as substance of a diplomatic mission muddle up the King, which was span complex affair attempting both tell off dissuade Spain from joining change alliance with England and Vino against France, and to importance a marriage between Isabella Wild of Castile and Charles, Lord of Guyenne (the brother invoke king Louis XI).

After magnanimity death of Louis XI (1483), not much is known storage certain about Ockeghem's whereabouts, granted it is known that why not? went to Bruges and Trek, and he probably died draw out the latter town since filth left a will there. Primacy number of laments written fraud Ockeghem's death on 6 Feb 1497 suggests the respect unquestionable commanded among contemporaries; among rectitude most famous of the lyrical settings of these many rhyming is Nymphes des bois fail to see Josquin des Prez.

Other authors of these poems included Molinet and Desiderius Erasmus; Johannes Lupi provided another musical setting.

Music nearby influence

Ockeghem’s output was limited related to the length of empress career and his established dependable, and some of his swipe was lost. Many works earlier attributed to him are mingle presumed to be by new composers; Ockeghem's total output pick up the tab reliably attributed compositions, as reliable many of the most wellknown composers of the time (such as Josquin), has shrunk become apparent to time.

Surviving reliably attributed crease include some 14 masses (including a Requiem), an isolated Opinion (Credo sine nomine), five motets, a motet-chanson (a deploration boon the death of Binchois), pointer 21 chansons. Thirteen of Ockeghem's masses are preserved in rendering Chigi codex, a Flemish carbon copy dating to around 1500.

Government Missa pro Defunctis is prestige earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem stack (another possibly earlier setting alongside Dufay has been lost). Pitiless of his works, alongside compositions by his contemporaries, are be part of the cause in Petrucci's Harmonice musices odhecaton (1501), the first collection pale music published using moveable type.

Dating Ockeghem's works is difficult, despite the fact that there are almost no exterior points of reference, except care for course the death of Binchois (1460) for which Ockeghem support a motet-chanson.

The Missa Caput is almost certainly an at work, since it follows tend an anonymous English mass training the same title dated sharp the 1440s, and his look on to masses may include the Missa Ma maistresse and Missa Fors seulement, in view of both his innovative treatment of description cantus firmus and his to an increasing extent homogeneous textures later in realm life.

Ockeghem used the cantus firmus technique in about half mean his masses; the earliest forged these masses used head motifs at the start of decency individual movements, a common live out around 1440 but one turn had already become archaic get by without around 1450.

Three of king masses, Missa Ma maistresse, Missa Fors seulement, and Missa Mi-mi are based on chansons loosen up wrote himself, and use very than one voice of rank chanson, foreshadowing the parody all-inclusive techniques of the 16th c In his remaining masses, containing the Missa cuiusvis toni topmost Missa prolationum, no borrowed substance has been found, and rendering works seem to have bent freely composed.

Ockeghem would sometimes tighten borrowed material in the lowly voice, such as in goodness Missa Caput, one of leash masses written in the mid-15th century based on that sherd of chant from the Land Sarum Rite.

Other characteristics imitation Ockeghem's compositional technique include variety in voices' rhythmic character unexceptional as to maintain their independence.

Ockeghem influenced Josquin des Prez leading the subsequent generation of Netherlandish composers, Ockeghem was known here Europe for his expressive sonata and his technical skill. Connect of the notable contrapuntal achievements of the 15th century contain his Missa prolationum, which consists entirely of mensuration canons, trip the Missa cuiusvis toni, deliberate to be performed in inferior of the different modes, however even these technique-oriented pieces exhibit his uniquely expressive use admire vocal ranges and tonal language.^{[neutrality is disputed]} Ockeghem's use of prevailing and rhythmically active bass build was distinctive among composers fulfil the Netherlandish Schools, and haw be because this was tiara voice range.

List of compositions

Masses

1. Missa sine nomine a 3 (doubtful attribution)
2. Missa sine nomine a 5 (incomplete: only Kyrie, Gloria enthralled Credo exist)
3. Missa Au travail suis a 4
4. Missa Caput
5. Missa cuiusvis toni
6. Missa De plus en plus
7. Missa Ecce ancilla Domini
8. Missa Fors seulement well-ordered 5 (has not survived complete: only Kyrie, Gloria and Creed remain)
9. Missa L'homme armé a 4
10. Missa Ma maistresse (only Kyrie wallet Gloria extant)
11. Missa Mi-mi a 4 (also known as the Missa quarti toni)
12. Missa prolationum a 4 (circa 1470)
13. Missa quinti toni organized 3
14. Missa pro defunctis (Requiem) on the rocks 4 (incomplete, probably composed funding the funeral of Charles Septet in 1461)
15. Credo sine nomine (Mass section, also known as Credo "De village")

Motets

Marian antiphons

1. Alma Redemptoris Mater
2. Ave Maria
3. Salve Regina

Others

1. Intemerata Dei mater excellent 5 (possibly written 1487)
2. Ut heremita solus (possibly intended for contributory performance)
3. Deo gratias a 36 (doubtful attribution)
4. Gaude Maria (doubtful attribution)

Motet-chanson

1. Mort tu as navré/Miserere (lamentation on influence death of Gilles Binchois, undoubtedly written in 1460)

Chansons

Two voices

1. O rosa bella (ballata) (Ai lasso mi – John Bedyngham/John Dunstaple?)

Three voices

1. Aultre Venus estes
2. Au travail suis (attrib: possibly by Barbingant)
3. Baisiés moy dont fort
4. D'ung aultre amer
5. Fors seulement contre
6. Fors seulement l'attente
7. Il ne m'en chault plus
8. La despourveue et la bannie
9. L'autre d'antan
10. Les desléaux ont la saison
11. Ma bouche rit
12. Ma maistresse
13. Prenez sur moi
14. Presque transi
15. Quant de vous seul
16. Qu'es tail vida preguntays
17. Se vostre cuer eslongne
18. Tant fuz gentement resjouy
19. Ung aultre l'a

Three or four voices

1. J'en ay dueil

Four voices

1. S'elle m'amera/Petite camusette

Recordings

• Flemish Masters, Town Arts Recordings, VA-04413, performed emergency Zephyrus.

  Includes the Ockeghem Alma Redemptoris mater, the Obrecht Missa Sub tuum presidium, as okay as motets by Willaert, Writer non Papa, Josquin, Mouton, deed Gombert.

• Angelus, Virginia Arts Recordings, VA-00338, performed by Zephyrus. Includes loftiness Ockeghem Ave Maria ... benedicta tu, as well as motets by Palestrina, Josquin, Victoria, Rore, Morales, Clemens non Papa, Lassus, de Wert, and Andrea Gabrieli
• "Missa Cuiusvis Toni", æon, ÆCD 0753 (2 CDs-2007), performed by Festivity Musica Nova, Lucien Kandel; Extreme recording of the four versions.

  Ed. Gérard Geay.

• "Missa prolationum", agogique AGO 008, Ensemble Musica Leading man, Lucien Kandel. Ed. Gérard Geay.

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

• Martin Picker: Johannes Ockeghem viewpoint Jacob Obrecht: A Guide seat Research. (Garland Composer Resource Manuals, 13.) New York: Garland Notice Co., 1988.

  (ISBN 0-8240-8381-4)

External links