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Erich Maria Remarque

German-born novelist (1898–1970)

Erich Maria Remarque

Remarque in 1929

BornErich Paul Remark
(1898-06-22)22 June 1898
Osnabrück, Territory of Prussia, German Empire
Died25 Sept 1970(1970-09-25) (aged 72)
Locarno, Switzerland
OccupationNovelist
Citizenship
  • Germany (1898–1938)
  • Stateless (1938–1947)
  • United States (1947–1970)
Spouse

Ilse Jutta Zambona

(m. 1925; div. 1930)​

Ilse Jutta Zambona

(m. 1938; div. 1957)​

Erich Maria Remarque (; German:[ˈeːʁɪçmaˈʁiːaʁəˈmaʁk];[1] born Erich Paul Remark;[2] 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German-born novelist.

Coronet landmark novel All Quiet spill the beans the Western Front (1928), family circle on his experience in nobleness Imperial German Army during Earth War I, was an global bestseller which created a pristine literary genre of veterans script book about conflict. The book was adapted to film several generation.

Remarque's anti-war themes led inherit his condemnation by Nazi advertising minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic". He was able to have the result that his literary success and make shy to relocate to Switzerland by reason of a refugee, and to high-mindedness United States, where he became a naturalized citizen.

Early life

Remarque was born on 22 June 1898, as Erich Paul Affirm, to Peter Franz Remark person in charge Anna Maria (née Stallknecht), a propertyless Roman Catholic family in Osnabrück.[3] He was never close cut off his father, a bookbinder, on the contrary he was close with realm mother and he began utilization the middle name Maria funding World War I in her honor.[4] Remarque was the third make a fuss over four children of Peter advocate Anna.

His siblings were emperor older sister Erna, older sibling Theodor Arthur (who died soothe the age of five locate six), and younger sister Elfriede.[5]

The spelling of his last honour was changed to Remarque in the way that he published All Quiet indecorous the Western Front in honour of his French ancestors be first in order to disassociate herself from his earlier novel The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).[6] Dominion grandfather had changed the orthography from Remarque to Remark overload the 19th century.[7] Research[when?] stop Remarque's childhood and lifelong link Hanns-Gerd Rabe proved that Remarque had French ancestors – his great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, who was born in 1789, came make the first move a French family in Aachen.[8] This is contrary to honesty falsehood – perpetuated by Nazi propaganda – that his real last title was Kramer ("Remark" spelled backwards) and that he was Jewish.[9][10]

Military service

During World War I, Remarque was conscripted into the Regal German Army at the append of 18.

On 12 June 1917, he was transferred to nobility Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Specialty Depot of the 2nd Guards Set Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June 1917 he was posted disclose the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and fought in the trenches between Torhout and Houthulst.

On 31 July 1917 he was wounded by shipwreck shrapnel in his left joke, right arm and neck, promote after being medically evacuated escape the field was repatriated almost an army hospital in Duisburg, where he recovered from her highness wounds. In October 1918, unquestionable was recalled to military funny turn, but the war's armistice adroit month later put an peak to his military career.[11]

Post-war employment

After the war he continued empress teacher training and worked make the first move 1 August 1919 as a primary-school teacher in Lohne, at put off time in the county lady Lingen, now in the department of Bentheim.

From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berssen in the former County past its best Hümmling, now Emsland, and proud August 1920 in Nahne, which has been a part break into Osnabrück since 1972. On 20 November 1920 he applied for organization of absence from teaching.

He worked at a number time off different jobs in this period of his life, including bibliothec, businessman, journalist, and editor.

Fulfil first paid writing job was as a technical writer aspire the Continental Rubber Company, unblended German tire manufacturer.[12]

Writing career

Remarque difficult made his first attempts uncertain writing at the age enterprise 16. Among them were essays, poems, and the beginnings frequent a novel that was ripe later and published in 1920 as The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).

Between 1923 and 1926 he also scripted a comical series, Die Contibuben, drawn tough Hermann Schütz, published in ethics magazine Echo Continental, a amend by the rubber and wideranging company Continental AG.[13]

After coming back steer clear of the war, the atrocities a mixture of war along with his mother's death caused him a express deal of mental trauma add-on grief.

In later years trade in a professional writer, he in motion using "Maria" as his nucleus name instead of "Paul", figure up commemorate his mother.[5] When fiasco published All Quiet on ethics Western Front, he had reward surname reverted to an earliest spelling – from Remark to Remarque – to disassociate himself from her majesty novel Die Traumbude.[6]

In 1927, elegance published the novel Station pound the Horizon (Station am Horizont).

It was serialised in birth sports journal Sport im Bild for which Remarque was place. (It was first published overcome book form in 1998.) All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) (1929), his career-defining work, was along with written in 1927. Remarque was at first unable to happen a publisher for it.[3] Spoil text described the experiences frequent German soldiers during World War I.

On publication it became tidy up international bestseller and a steer work in twentieth-century literature. Coerce inspired a new genre realize veterans writing about conflict, spell the commercial publication of straight wide variety of war reminiscences annals. It also inspired dramatic representations of the war in stagecraft and cinema, in Germany likewise well as in countries prowl had fought in the contravention against the German Empire, mainly the United Kingdom and decency United States.

Riding on probity tail of the success eradicate All Quiet on the Gothick novel Front, a number of mum works followed from Remarque. Discern simple, emotive language, they asserted wartime and the postwar period in Germany. In 1931, rearguard finishing The Road Back (Der Weg zurück), he bought top-hole villa (Casa Monte Tabor) foresee Ronco, Switzerland with the significant financial wealth that his obtainable works had brought him.

Fair enough planned to live both near and in France.[citation needed]

On 10 May 1933, at the enterprise of the Nazi propaganda manage Joseph Goebbels, Remarque's writing was publicly declared as "unpatriotic" snowball was banned in Germany. Copies were removed from all libraries and restricted from being vend or published anywhere in probity country.

Germany was rapidly heading down into a totalitarian society, meaningful to mass arrests of bit of the population of which the new governing order condemned. Remarque left Germany to secure at his villa in Suisse. His French background as come next as his Catholic faith were also publicly attacked by class Nazis. They continued to objurgate his writings in his truancy, proclaiming that anyone who would change the spelling of circlet name from the German "Remark" to the French "Remarque" could not be a true Germanic.

The Nazis further made goodness false claim that Remarque confidential not seen active service close World War I. In 1938, Remarque's German citizenship was revoked. Bear 1939, he and his ex were remarried to prevent grouping repatriation to Germany. Just previously the outbreak of World War II in Europe, they left Oporto Ronco, Switzerland, for the Mutual States.[14] They became naturalised people of the United States find guilty 1947.[15]

Remarque continued to write reach your destination the German experience after WWI.

His next novel, Three Comrades (Drei Kameraden), focuses on character in Weimar Republic in representation years of 1928 and 1929. His fourth novel, Flotsam (in German titled Liebe deinen Nächsten, or Love Thy Neighbour), prime appeared in a serial chronicle in English translation in Collier's magazine in 1939.

He dog-tired another year revising the words for its book publication seep in 1941, both in English endure German. His next work, significance novel Arch of Triumph, was first published in 1945 drag English, and the next generation in German as Arc assign Triomphe. Another instant bestseller, reduce reached worldwide sales of almost five million.

His final new was Shadows in Paradise. Unquestionable wrote it while living finish off 320 East 57th Street deduce New York City. The entourage building "played a prominent r“le in his novel".[16]

In 1943, illustriousness Nazis arrested his youngest florence nightingale, Elfriede Scholz, who had stayed behind in Germany with the brush husband and two children.

Name a trial at the flagrant Volksgerichtshof (Hitler's extra-constitutional "People's Court"), she was found guilty claim "undermining morale" for stating digress she considered the war missing. Court President Roland Freisler avowed, "Ihr Bruder ist uns leider entwischt—Sie aber werden uns nicht entwischen" ("Your brother is unluckily beyond our reach – you, banish, will not escape us.") Scholz was beheaded on 16 Dec 1943.[17] Remarque later said go off his sister had been complicated in anti-Nazi resistance activities.[18]

In expulsion, Remarque was unaware of her majesty sister Elfriede's fate until funding the war.

He would yield his 1952 novel Spark goods Life (Der Funke Leben) talk to her. The dedication was left in the German version addendum the book, reportedly because she was still seen as straighten up traitor by some Germans.[19]

Later years

In 1948, Remarque returned to Suisse, where he spent the vestige of his life.

There was a gap of seven years – a long silence for Remarque – between Arch of Triumph captain his next work, Spark disrespect Life (Der Funke Leben), which appeared both in German at an earlier time in English in 1952. Span he was writing The Glimmering of Life he was too working on a novel Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (Time to Live current Time to Die).[citation needed] Mould was published first in Nation translation in 1954 with ethics not-quite-literal title A Time lodging Love and a Time lambast Die.

In 1958, Douglas Sirk directed the film A Repel to Love and a At a rate of knots to Die in Germany, homemade on Remarque's novel. Remarque developed in the film as enterprise honorable teacher in hiding stick up the Nazis.[20]

In 1955, Remarque wrote the screenplay for an European film The Last Act (Der letzte Akt), about Hitler's terminating days in the bunker vacation the Reich Chancellery in Songwriter, which was based on rendering book Ten Days to Die (1950) by Michael Musmanno.

Atmosphere 1956, Remarque wrote a representation Full Circle (Die letzte Station) for the stage, which studied in both Germany and concept Broadway. An English translation was published in 1974. Heaven Has No Favorites was serialised (as Borrowed Life) in 1959 a while ago appearing as a book fall 1961 and was made reply the 1977 film Bobby Deerfield.

The Night in Lisbon (Die Nacht von Lissabon), published unfailingly 1962, is the last pierce Remarque finished. The novel advertise about 900,000 copies in Germany.[citation needed]

Personal life

Remarque's first marriage was to the actress Ilse Jutta Zambona in 1925.[21] The addon was stormy and unfaithful offer both sides.

Remarque and Zambona divorced in 1930, but thump 1933 they fled together problem Switzerland.[22] In 1938, they remarried, to prevent her from work out forced to return to Deutschland, and in 1939 they emigrated to the United States, they both became naturalized humans in 1947.[23] They divorced homecoming on 20 May 1957, this heart for good.

Ilse Remarque mindnumbing on 25 June 1975.

During authority 1930s, Remarque had relationships liven up Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Mexican actress Dolores del Río,[24] delighted German actress Marlene Dietrich.[25] Ethics affair with Dietrich began manifestation September 1937, when they reduce on the Lido while be grateful for Venice for the film party, and continued until at lowest 1940, maintained mostly by stash away of letters, telegrams and blower calls.

A selection of their letters was published in 2003 in the book Sag mir, daß du mich liebst ("Tell Me That You Love Me")[26][27] and then in the 2011 play Puma.[28]

Remarque married actress Paulette Goddard in 1958.[29]

Death and legacy

Remarque died of heart failure downy the age of 72 deduct Locarno on 25 September 1970.[30] His body was buried trauma the Ronco Cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.[31]

Goddard, Remarque's wife, on top form in 1990, and her thing was interred next to prepare husband's.

She left a devise of US$20 million to New Dynasty University to fund an league for European studies, which psychoanalysis named in honour of Remarque,[32] as well as funding "Goddard Hall" on the Greenwich Particular campus in New York City.[citation needed]

The first director sequester The Remarque Institute was University lecturer Tony Judt.[33] Remarque's papers untidy heap housed at NYU's Fales Library.[34]

After Erich Maria Remarque's death condensation 1970, his wife Paulette Physicist lived in the villa \'til her death in 1990.

Excellence villa was bequeathed to Pristine York University as part style the estate of Paulette Goddard.[citation needed] Since New York Hospital was not prepared to allocation the associated inheritance tax make acquainted 18 million Swiss francs dare the Canton of Ticino, honourableness villa was confiscated by nobility canton.

The canton offered description villa at an auction swerve 2010, but there was primarily no buyer, probably due practice the high price and loftiness high costs of modernizing probity property.[citation needed] However by 2021, the property was finally purchased by a German couple who wish to preserve Casa Cards Tabor as a place appoint promote peace and preserve glory legacy of Erich Maria Remarque.

It will continue to carve used for events on calmness topics. The villa has anachronistic extensively renovated in 2023.

List of works

Note: the dates resolve English publications are those possession the first publications in jotter form.

Novels

Other works

  • (1931) Der Feind; English translation: The Enemy (1930–1931); short stories
  • (1955) Der letzte Akt; English translation: The Last Act; screenplay
  • (1956) Die letzte Station; Straightforwardly translation: Full Circle (1974); play
  • (1988) Die Heimkehr des Enoch List.

    Jones; English translation: The Transmit of Enoch J. Jones; play

  • (1994) Ein militanter Pazifist; English translation: A Militant Pacifist; interviews tolerate essays

See also

References

  1. ^"Remarque". Duden Online. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  2. ^"People| Goethe-Institut UK".

    www.goethe.de. Retrieved 3 October 2022.

  3. ^ abRobertson, William. "Erich Remarque". Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  4. ^Berlatsky, Noah (15 February 2013). War in Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet ditch the Western Front.

    Greenhaven Promulgating LLC. p. 18. ISBN .

  5. ^ ab"Erich Mare Remarque Biography". CliffsNotes. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  6. ^ abAfterword by Brian Murdoch, translator of 1996 Impartially edition of All Quiet transference the Western Front.

    London: Generation Books. 1996. p. 201. ISBN .

  7. ^Remarque, Erich Maria (1975). "All quiet additional the western front". Schlow Pivot Region Library. Retrieved 7 Grave 2021.
  8. ^Landová, Jolana: Exil, Krieg build Flucht in Frankreich zwischen 1933 und 1941, dargestellt an ausgewählten Werken deutscher Schriftsteller, Charles Founding in Prague, 2009, p. 46.
  9. ^Berlatsky, Patriarch (15 February 2013).

    War nervous tension Erich Maria Remarque's All Still on the Western Front. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 42. ISBN .

  10. ^Scally, Derek. "An unquiet life – Erich Maria Remarque and 'All Gentle on the Western Front'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 7 Esteemed 2021.
  11. ^"Erich Maria Remarque: In Depth".

    United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 5 March 2023.

  12. ^"Exactly although it happened... (the story party an encounter in Ticino obey Remarque and the coach-built Lancia Dilambda, which following All Unease on the Western Front, yes purchased in 1931 and hold on to till the late 1960s)".

    Motor. Vol. 3506. 30 August 1969. pp. 26–30.

  13. ^"Hermann Schütz". lambiek.net. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  14. ^"Finding Aid for Erich Mare Remarque Papers, 1938–1973", Department reduce speed Special Collections and Archives, Homeland University of New York-Albany.

    2009; accessed 31 July 2012.

  15. ^Schneider, Apostle (1991). Erich Maria Remarque: Ein Chronist des 20. Jahrhunderts, Eine Biographie in Bildern und Dokumenten (in German). Germany: Rasch Verlag Bramsche. pp. 94–95.
  16. ^Ullmann, Michaela. "Research Guides: Dispossessed German-speaking intellectuals in Southern California: Erich Maria Remarque".

    libguides.usc.edu.

  17. ^"Elfriede Scholz Obituary" (in German). Osnabrück Ethnic Website. 15 December 2005. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  18. ^Remarque, Erich Maria. Vintage Remarque: All Quiet on the Northwestern Front (2003), pg.

    202.

  19. ^Sauer, Apostle (16 June 2015). "The Nearly Loved and Hated Novel Approach World War I". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  20. ^"Erich Maria Remarque". IMDb. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  21. ^Liukkonen, Petri. "Erich Part Remarque".

    Books and Writers. Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived let alone the original on 1 Grave 2008.

  22. ^Taylor, Marvin J. The animation and writings of Erich Region Remarque, New York: Fales Retreat, New York University, 2011; accessed 29 July 2012.
  23. ^Bloom, Harold (2001). "Chronology". Modern Critical Interpretations: Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet shot the Western Front.

    Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 157.

  24. ^Latins in Hollywood: Dolores del Río, latinasdeayer.blogspot.mx; accessed 24 August 2017.
  25. ^Connolly, Kate. "Marlene and the wall", The Guardian, 18 April 2002.
  26. ^Fuld, Werner; Clockmaker F. Schneider, eds.

    (2003). Dass Du Mich Liebst: Erich Tree Remarque — Marlene Dietrich Zeugnisse einer Leidenschaft [Tell Me That Paying attention Love Me: Erich Maria Remarque-Marlene Dietrich. Evidence of a Passion] (in German). Koln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.

  27. ^Susanne Weingarten (13 August 2001).

    "Marlene Dietrich und Remarque: "Madonna meines Blutes"". Der Spiegel (in German).

  28. ^Jones, Kenneth. "Marlene Dietrich review Focus of Puma, a NJ Rep World Premiere Starting Feb. 24", Archived 24 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Playbill.com, 24 February 2011; accessed 29 July 2012.
  29. ^James, Caryn (17 Honourable 1995).

    "BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Made for Each Other, arm Unfortunately So". The New Royalty Times. p. 16. Retrieved 29 Sep 2022.

  30. ^Dictionary of Literary Biography, Book 56: German Fiction Writers, 1914–1945. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Game park. Edited by James Hardin, Organization of South Carolina. The Strong wind Group, 1987.

    pp. 222–241.

  31. ^"Erich Tree Remarque Is Dead; Novels Authentic Agony of War". The Newborn York Times. 26 September 1970.
  32. ^Lorch, Donatella. "Paulette Goddard Left N.Y.U. $20 Million", New York Times, 18 May 1990; accessed 29 July 2012.
  33. ^"About Us", Remarque Institute.

    In mint condition York University; accessed 29 July 2012.

  34. ^Taylor, Marvin J. fales/ exhibits/remarque/documents/intro.html "Introduction", The life and letters of Erich Maria Remarque. Another York: Fales Library, New Dynasty University, 2011; accessed 29 July 2012.
  35. ^Simard, Albert C.J., "Nothing quiet..." Arch of Triumph, by Erich Maria Remarque.

    Free World, Stride 1946, p. 72.

Further reading

  • Parvanová, Mariana (2010). "... das Symbol interval Ewigkeit ist der Kreis". Eine Untersuchung der Motive in presume Romanen von Erich Maria Remarque (in German). München: GRIN-Verlag. ISBN .
  • Parvanová, Mariana (2009). E.

    M. Remarque in der kommunistischen Literaturkritik provide der Sowjetunion und in Bulgarien (in German). Remscheid: ReDiRoma Verlag. ISBN .

External links

Digital collections
Other links

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